Could it be that Stardust were informing Los Cerrillos that they were on course for Rodelillo Airfield near Valparaiso instead, diverging from their original route? Therefore a standard signoff would be sent as the The dots and dash formed one letter, V: / . [12], A report by an amateur radio operator who claimed to have received a faint SOS signal from Star Dust initially raised hopes that there might have been survivors,[11] but all subsequent attempts over the years to find the vanished aircraft failed. It is understood that Iris Evans's sister was found and gave a blood sample after a BBC Horizon programme about the crash. Whilst a reasonable theory on the surface, its unfortunately also quite reasonable to discredit. "STENDEC" in Morse code is: / - / . It never landed in Santiagothe aircraft seemingly vanished from existence. The Lancastrian's vanishing act happened at a time of considerable political turmoil in South America. After an exhausting search, no trace of the aircraft was found. In Britain, the news led to a hunt for surviving relatives. /, which is VALP, the call sign for the airport at Valparaiso, some 110 kilometers north of Santiago. On this ill-fated day, a British South American Airways airliner called Star Dust carrying six passengers and five crew members crashed during its journey from Buenos Aires to Santiago. Again, this is the same as ST, only with different spacing.- (V) Discussion That is the official ruling of an Oklahoma court. They were finally grounded in 1959, unsurprisingly after yet another ex-BSAA Tudor flew into a Turkish mountain, for reasons that remain unclear, killing all on board. But there are no old, bold pilots. Even parts of the plane had been frozen in time, with one of its wheels still fully inflated after spending half a century lost on the glacier. . . Some things can be said with some degree of certainty. begun to be used four months earlier in April 1947 and the four-letter code And even less likely that the same morse dyslexia would be repeated Another expose from ProPublica propublica.org Bonnie Martin kept the bleeding secret for as long as she could. Neither men were taken to the jail. Their discovery revived. More interestingly, the morse code for STENDEC is only one character off from instead spelling VALP, which is almost the call sign for the closest airport to Valparaiso, 110km northwest of Santiago. [10] However, Star Dust never arrived, no more radio transmissions were received by the airport, and intensive efforts by both Chilean and Argentine search teams, as well as by other BSAA pilots, failed to uncover any trace of the aircraft or of the people on board. They had been . The Army unit also discovered that the wheels on the plane were in an upward position, so the crew had not attempted an emergency landing. enigmatic radio message was meant to mean. code. This was the case in 1947 when an airliner crashed in the Andes, killing everyone aboard. Relatives of the crew and passengers aboard a British plane which plunged into an Argentinian glacier 55 years ago have been told this week their DNA samples match human remains recovered from a crash site 15,000ft up in the Andes. that Morse transmissions were closing down. [13] Some BSAA pilots, however, expressed scepticism at this theory; convinced that Cook would not have started his descent without a positive indication that he had crossed the mountains; they have suggested that strong winds may have brought down the craft in some other way. An interesting new solution to the STENDEC mystery has been proposed, as advised by listener Anders. three times.STENDEC/Stardust Sometimes These Enigmas Never Decipher. On August 2, 1947, the Stardust, a Lancastrian III passenger plane with eleven people on board, was almost four hours into its flight from Buenos Aires, Argentina, to Santiago, Chile. The STENDEC mystery, referring to the cryptic message sent by a Lancastrian airliner before it vanished in the Andes, is a staple of the UFO culture. For those who aren't familiar, a flight carrying a Uruguayan rugby team and some of their family members crashed into the Andes in 1972. Solve the Mystery of STENDEC Readers' Theories Set #1 Posted January 31, 2001 next set. After getting the boot from BSAA, he launched his own fly-by-night airline, Airflight Ltd., using two Tudors he'd picked up cheaply and one of which he flew himself. All Rights Reserved (ETA LATE) As might be inferred from that lineage, it was uncomfortable, noisy, and cramped. Their discovery revived interest in solving the mystery of what had happened to Flight CS59 and its 11 passengers and crew. The trekkers had abandoned their pack mules lower down, and ascended with what they could carry. based in Morse code, and have come from people highly familiar with People all over the world had reported hundreds of flying saucer sightings during the last two weeks of June 1947. - . problem, here is a website which translates English into Morse code. reception of the signal was loud and clear but that it was given by aliens. out, but seems unlikely. On July 3, a rancher at Roswell, New Mexico, claimed to have found a UFO crash site with four alien bodies. Fiddling with Morse code seems to offer the best chance of getting [5] The passengers were one woman and five men of Palestinian, Swiss, German and British nationality. The Chilean operator wasn't able to read the airport code and prosign sign off as merely procedural.Possibly having English as a second language, he just wasn't sure what he was hearing. As only one young woman was on board, it was assumed to have been that of Iris Moreen Evans, a 26-year-old from the Rhondda valley. use SOS, the internationally accepted distress signal? A popular photographer who has amassed almost 30,000 followers on Instagram has admitted that his portraits are actually generated by artificial intelligence (AI). In either case, they attempted to contact what they thought was the nearest airport, Valparaiso, not Santiago. It makes me want to write out the Morse code and play with the spacing. But my maternal great . Jos Avery has been posting his impressive photos Twitter continues to crumble bit by bit. If spacing between letters is hard to distinguish, its clear to see how some characters can be accidentally mistaken for others, leading to incorrect words or phrases. Each letter in morse code consists of a number of unique dots and dashes, so to scramble a word like descent in such a way is highly unlikely, especially three times in succession. Four letter ICAO codes for airports had The names of the victims were known. Without rearranging any of the inputs, and just separating the spacing differently, you can come up with the phrase SCTI AR. It was also noted that, despite being a pilot for four years and accruing a total flying time of nearly 2,000 hours for both the RAF and the BSAA, this was Cooks first flight across the Andes as Captain. [17] One of the pilots recalled that "we had all been warned not to enter cloud over the mountains as the turbulence and icing posed too great a threat. [13], A 2000 Argentine Air Force investigation cleared Cook of any blame, concluding that the crash had resulted from "a heavy snowstorm" and "very cloudy weather", as a result of which the crew "were unable to correct their positioning". Solve the Mystery of STENDEC 1947 Official Accident Report Below is the 1947 official accident report describing what was known at the time about Stardust, its crew, and its mysterious disappearance. In the absence of any hard evidence, numerous theories aroseincluding rumours of sabotage (compounded by the later disappearance of two other aircraft also belonging to BSAA);[13] speculation that Star Dust might have been blown up to destroy diplomatic documents being carried by the King's Messenger;[13] or even the suggestion that Star Dust had been taken or destroyed by a UFO (an idea fuelled by unresolved questions about the flight's final Morse code message). How police solved the mystery of a VHS tape depicting sexual assault. The Morse for AR is.- /.-. In fact, the omission of the dot in the original transmission was not an error. The crash was a result of controlled descent into terrain. of the station they wish to contact. It was the manicured hand of a young woman lying among the ice and rocks. That is the official ruling of an Oklahoma court. / - (Descent) It seems Vanished: The Plane That Disappeared It has to be this one in my opinion. On August 2, 1947, the Stardust, a Lancastrian III passenger plane with eleven people on board, was almost four hours into its flight from Buenos Aires, Argentina, to Santiago, Chile. case G-AGWH) rather than the romantic names airlines gave them. 2023 Madavor Media, LLC. Earlier this week Margaret Coalwood of Nottingham, now 70, was told that DNA extracted from blood samples taken from her last year had identified the remains of her cousin, Donald Checklin. After this, British civil aviation authorities withdrew the Tudor's certification to carry passengers, and the few remaining examples concluded their operational service as cargo and tanker aircraft. The Stardust incident involved British South American Airways G-AGWH. I remember him in his RAF uniform during the war. Due to the poor visibility caused by the storm, its possible that the crew were unaware that their plane was on course to collide with the mountainside, and unknowingly plummeted the aircraft into the summit before eventually succumbing to the elements. ntskeptics.org The "STENDEC mystery," referring to the cryptic message sent by a Lancastrian airliner before it vanished in the Andes, is a staple of the UFO culture. A WGBH-Boston NOVA: Vanished (2001) program about the crash commented: Some of the six passengers on board seemed to have stepped straight out of an Agatha Christie novel. They included a Palestinian businessman with a sizable diamond sewn into the lining of his jacket; a German migr, Marta Limpert, returning to Chile with the ashes of her dead husband; and a British courier carrying diplomatic correspondence. The Chilean operator remarks that Harmer sends the final transmission very quickly.A rule of morse operation is that you don't send faster than the receiving operator can decipher.It appears Harmer did send too quickly, even while repeating. Actually, the With so many people packing heat the country must be safer, right? Sign in to continue reading. 'Star Dust' did, however, broadcast a last, cryptic, Morse message; "STENDEC", which was received by Santiago Airport at 17:41 hrs - just four minutes before it's planned landing time. Grand Duchess Anastasia (with her arm around her brother) is shown with the rest of the Russian royal family in 1913. _._. Speaking at the Munich Security Conference, Harris Joel is a founding member and the resident keyboard wizard for Umphreys McGee AND a long-time Phish fan! STENDECANAGRAMS The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable even has an entry for STENDEC. Dozens of books and articles have examined the evidence, turned it over, twisted it, rearranged the letters, and drawn a blank. The crew probably did not panic, but they were concerned about the lack of visibility and landmarks. . the last message received from Star Dust, sent by Radio Officer Its meaning, however, is astonishingly simple. You're right! radio operator and/or receiver in Santiago, and playfulness on behalf Shortly before arrival at Chile's Santiago airport, she completely vanished, her final. / -.-. know for certain, but I believe this is by far the most likely meaning of An extensive search operation failed to locate the wreckage, despite covering the area of the crash site. [1][2], The last Morse code message sent by Star Dust was "ETA SANTIAGO 17.45 HRS STENDEC". It was firstly noted that the Trans-Andean journey from Buenos Aires to Santiago can be taken via three routes: The Central (and most direct) via Mendoza, The Southern via Planchon and The Northern via San Juan. The Message That Said STENDEC "ETA Santiago 17:45 hrs. In fact, this conspiracy ran for so long that even a Spanish magazine published in the 1970s, which was dedicated to UFOs and the paranormal, named itself after the now infamous morse code. STENDEC Solved (Mystery message from 1947 Andes plane crash) By Shiplord Kirel: Fan of Big Bird, Bert, and Ernie. A faulty oxygen system cant be ruled Of the 38 production aircraft built, seven were total losses in air accidents. Discussion STENDEC. The wireless operator did not recognize the last word, so he requested clarification. normal for the Radio Operator to start the message by transmitting the name of mystery, confusion and intrigue ever since. Several people have pointed out that Los Cerrillos airport Santiago was given was SCTI. Was there a connection? I couldnt find a source for this, but according to theorists online, this was a known phrase for allied fighter pilots in WWII for if their plane was about to crash land. End Credits. Why would Understanding STENDEC has been the quest for many experienced and avid radio operators, with online forums dedicated to deciphering what Dennis Harmer was trying to say. / -. You can post your own LGF Pages simply by registering a free account with us. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. The following is a similar list of strange mysteries that were solved later with the help of science, history, research, archaeology, coincidences, etc. At 5:41 p.m., a Chilean Morse code radio operator for the Los Cerrillos Airport received a message. Imaginative souls speculated that aliens had snatched the large Lancastrian along with its passengers and crew. People all over the world had reported hundreds of flying saucer sightings during the last two weeks of June 1947. Back to 'Vanished: The Plane That Disappeared' programme pageTranscriptFurther information [11], In 2000, an Argentine Army expedition found additional wreckageincluding a propeller and wheels (one of which had an intact and inflated tyre)and noted that the wreckage was well localised, a fact which pointed to a head-on impact with the ground, and which also ruled out a mid-air explosion. Something like "We're completely screwed.". 2023 Little Green Footballs The Avro Lancastrian began its life as a British Lancaster bomber in World War II. They had nothing to do with the crash, other than being present. Despite Stardusts fate now fully resolved, the mystery of STENDEC is still argued to this day, with no definitive conclusion on what Dennis Harmer was intending to communicate that evening. At 17.41 a Chilean Air Force Morse operator in Santiago picked up a message: ETA [estimated time of arrival] Santiago 17.45 hrs. Is that the one where they all started eating each other? / -.-. Subscribe now for ad-free access!Register and sign in to a free LGF account before subscribing, and your ad-free access will be automatically enabled. The site had been difficult to reach. The crew of Stardust, including the radio operator Harmer, had all served in the RAF previously during WWII, so if this phrase is true, then it is possible that they were all familiar with the term and used it in a time of crisis. - . (0), By Shiplord Kirel: Fan of Big Bird, Bert, and Ernie. Was there a connection? Between 1998 and 2000, about ten per cent of the total expected wreckage emerged from the glacier, prompting several re-examinations of the accident. same combination of dashes and dots as STENDEC, but shifting the spaces in Why would the operator say end? message from Star Dust - "E.T.A. Perhaps STENDEC was an abbreviation for a much longer message, an acronym sent in a hurry due to being in a crunch for time. . / . /, which is VALP, the call sign for the airport at Valparaiso, some 110 kilometers north of Santiago. It's possible that the desire to descend as soon as possible to a level at which the passengers could breathe normally may have factored into Star Dust's premature departure from a safe crossing altitude. The problem? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xa_EU5_gWrA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_BSAA_Avro_Lancastrian_Star_Dust_accident#cite_note-SAR_Technology_-_Aviation_Cold_Case_Response-22, https://www.planeandpilotmag.com/article/a-pilots-last-words-stendec/, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vanished/stendec.html, https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/vanished.shtml, https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/02/05/stendec-mystery/, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/sep/06/owenbowcott1v, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/jul/08/2, http://www.sartechnology.ca/sartechnology/ST_STENDEC_ColdCase.htm, http://www.ntskeptics.org/2010/2010december/december2010.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/sep/06/owenbowcott1. The investigators concluded that the aircraft had not stalled. All trained morse operators have their own, distinct send rythm, which you quickly get to know. The word simply has no meaning in any language, not even in Morse code. If they wanted to convey distress, they would have sent an SOS., Misinterpretation Theory Ball lightning is a potentially dangerous atmospheric electrical phenomenon. British Overseas Airways G-AGLX (the registration number) went down on March 23, 1946, and British Overseas Airways G-AGMF crashed on August 20. / -.-. 1 Pan Am Flight 7 "STENDEC Solved." The North Texas Skeptic. course. And if there was any meaning to it, it wasnt in regards to the crash. / . Moreover, operators at the time only referred to aircraft by their registration code, which in Star Dusts case was G-AGWH., Acronym Theory Theories include everything from sabotage to aliens. / -. The word STENDEC was corrupted into Stendek and became. Don Bennett, its manager, had already been fired by then, partly as a result of his insistence to all and sundry that Star Tiger was a victim of sabotage and that the British Government, for unknown but nefarious reasons of its own, was covering up the crime. Its designer, Roy Chadwick, died in one when a prototype crashed during a test flight in 1947. . attention it is common to use the dots and dash for V as a calling See link for the answer to this 63 year old question. They hadn't passed Curico. STENDEC was corrupted into Stendek and became the name of a Spanish On Saturday 2nd August 1947, at around 1:45pm, an Avro Lancastrian Mk.III passenger plane known as Stardust departed from Buenos Aires, Argentina to make a roughly 3 hour 45 minute trip to Santiago, Chile. The unit had to finish quickly. The investigators concluded that the aircraft had not stalled. So mysterious was the disappearance of the plane - coupled with it's final strange message - that Stardust became entwined in UFO theories. - we are unable to respond to further suggestions about the meaning (STENDEC) / - /. A common example of this would be SOS, which is the internationally recognised distress signal in morse code to call for help. Ok, so that covers the theory of the mysterious phrase, but it doesnt answer the mystery of what happened to the plane. For example, if you lose the first two dots in the word STENDEC, and rearrange the spacing of the letters, the word could instead be interpreted as ETA LA(E)TE, albeit with a rogue E thrown into the mix. A Spanish magazine about UFOs appropriated STENDEK as its title, and at least one U.S. comic book illustrated the disappearance of the Stardust, pondering the meaning of STENDEC for its fascinated readers. Another expose from ProPublica propublica.org Bonnie Martin kept the bleeding secret for as long as she could. 20 passengers and crew were lost. of the station they wish to contact. The weather on the day consisted of snowstorms in the Andes Mountains with moderate to intense turbulence, whilst visual contact with the ground would have been extremely low and unfit for flying. The International Civil Aviation Organisation had only recently implemented the airline code for Los Cerrillos just four months prior to the event in April 1947, so its more than possible that the airports radio operator was not yet familiar with the term and failed to recognise it. Then nothing. This would mean the message he was trying to send Los Cerrillos was instead: When you look at the beginning of the words, you can notice some similarities, which shows how easy it can sometimes be to mistranslate morse code. UFO magazine. STENDEC Solved (Mystery message from 1947 Andes plane crash) - LGF Pages ntskeptics.org The "STENDEC mystery," referring to the cryptic message sent by a Lancastrian airliner before it vanished in the Andes, is a staple of the UFO culture. This gives us the very If not V, then the first letters might have been EIN, or IAR, but these combinations lead nowhere. - - . - / . Full video here breaking down the story -, A subreddit dedicated to the unresolved mysteries of the world. STENDEC Solved (Mystery message from 1947 Andes plane crash) By Shiplord Kirel: Fan of Big Bird, Bert, and Ernie Weird December 2010 Views: 31,837 ntskeptics.org The "STENDEC mystery," referring to the cryptic message sent by a Lancastrian airliner before it vanished in the Andes, is a staple of the UFO culture. Its meaning, however, is astonishingly simple. It would be like ending a story with once upon a time., Conclusion He flew Lancaster bombers and got medals for bringing back his aircraft one time on a wing and a prayer.". in other words 'EC' without the space. That would leave just "END", sandwiched between a signal attracting It consisted of the single word "STENDEC". Just before the plane disappeared, it Imagine your last communication with someone being the equivalent of covfefe and it turning into a mystery that people puzzle over for decades, I still have no clue what covfefe means and suspect people will puzzle over it for decades, British South American Airways (BSAA), the operator of the doomed aircraft, was a particularly unfortunate air carrier. Cook had been awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC). Believers of this theory claim it stood for something like, Stardust tank empty, no diesel, expected crash, or, Santiago tower, emergency, now descending, entering cloud. Experts on Morse code are quick to call hogwash on this theory, however, saying that the crew would have never cryptically abbreviated an important message. But before that, to help understand the I thought this had been solved in a documentary I watched. Lancasters had four Rolls Royce Merlin engines, the front-line combat engine that powered the latest Spitfire and Mustang fighters. When he asked for clarification, the crew repeated it two more times, STENDEC. In 2000 the Argentine Army detachment found the debris scattered over one square kilometer, a relatively small area, so the bomb theory was discarded. If so, according to their timings, they had already passed Los Cerrillos, where they could have safely landed as intended, so this doesnt seem to make much sense either. / -.. / . If one divides the same dots and dashes in STENDEC differently, the message reads: / . . Whilst this possibility lends true to the first half of the word, the rest does not match up with this theory, and considering it was sent through and received the exact same three times over, its hard to imagine this error occurring on both ends. Solve the Mystery of STENDEC Readers' Theories Set #3 Posted February 8, 2001 previous set The word STENDEC means: "Severe Turbulence Encountered, Now Descending, Emergency Crash-Landing.". the disappearance of the plane - coupled with its final strange STENDEC is the same Morse as SCTI AR if you don't consider any spacing between characters. Adding to the mystery, two Avro 691 Lancastrian aircraft had crashed during the previous seventeen months. Almost a year after the loss of Star Tiger, her sister aircraft, Star Ariel, also vanished in good weather while on a flight from Bermuda to Jamaica. Also, in the 1947 report, the oxygen system was noted as being fully charged, along with nine emergency bottles before leaving Buenos Aires. Whilst many accepted that the fate of Stardust and its crew had been settled, the absence of a wreckage, along with the mysterious circumstances surrounding its final message, lead to widespread speculation, with theories spanning from sabotage to extraterrestrial in nature. The Horizon staff concluded that, with the possible exception of some misunderstanding based on Morse code, none of these proposed solutions was plausible. With the word not existing in international morse code, or any spoken language at the time, interpreting STENDEC has led to many varying theories. A WGBH-Boston NOVA: Vanished (2001) program about the crash commented: Some of the six passengers on board seemed to have stepped straight out of an Agatha Christie novel. They included a Palestinian businessman with a sizable diamond sewn into the lining of his jacket; a German migr, Marta Limpert, returning to Chile with the ashes of her dead husband; and a British courier carrying diplomatic correspondence. . [6], A recovered propeller showed that the engine had been running at near-cruising speed at the time of the impact. An expedition, supported by local Argentinian soldiers, was organised to search the mountain. But the budgetary toll of persistent underfunding is unmistakable. It was determined the jet went down because of pilot error after the autopilot disengaged. (These individuals ignore the fact that almost any other triangle of a similar size, drawn anywhere else in the North Atlantic, would yield a similar if not greater number of disappearances.). Its fate became one of the most puzzling aviation mysteries of its time. With a diplomat on board, the press freely speculated that a bomb had exploded in mid-flight. Hence we have: [14] Human remains were also recovered, including three torsos, a foot in an ankle boot and a manicured hand. This gives us the very Outside of the music world, Joel is a best-selling author, releasing The Realists Guide to a Successful Music Career, which features Kris Williams is a lesbian, and that means she wont be seeing her son anytime soon. [8], Star Dust left Buenos Aires at 1:46 pm on 2 August. Americas owner-flown aircraft enthusiasts and active-pilot resource, delivered to your inbox! Morse code experts we have consulted believe that it is highly unlikely They included Palestinian, Swiss, German and British passengers, a diplomatic courier and the crew: the pilot Reginald Cooke, 44; first officer Norman Hilton Cooke, 39; radiotelegraph operator Dennis Harmer, 27; second officer Donald Checklin, 27; and Iris Evans. My god, I'm still just sort of dumbfounded by how good and informative this post is. Almost certainly Star Tiger ran out of fuel before reaching Bermuda, a consequence of stronger-than-predicted upper-level winds. This made for interesting reading and a welcome diversion from the usual flood of depressing news. Bennett, commander of the Royal Air Force's [Pathfinders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF) during the Second World War -- it developed an unenviable record for unexplained disappearances of its airliners in flight. The public, still reeling from the now-famous flying saucer incident in Roswell, New Mexico, a few weeks earlier, went wild with theories, speculating everything from sabotage to alien abduction. . The STENDEC Puzzle Ever since BSAA Avro Lancastrian Star Dust vanished on a flight from Buenos Aires to Santiago, the ending of its final transmission - STENDEC - has continued to puzzle experts and amateurs alike. Blast From the Past: The North Texas Skeptic, May 1999, Republican Senator Claims 'The Left' Will Start a Civil War Unless Federal Highway System Abolished, A Christian Health Nonprofit Saddled Thousands With Debt as It Built a Family Empire Including a Pot Farm, a Bank and an Airline, Popular Instagram Photographer Revealed as AI Fraud, Cutting IRS Funding Is a Gift to Americas Wealthiest Tax Evaders, Record 6,542 Guns Intercepted at US Airport Security in 22, Interview With Oklahoma State Sen. Nathan Dahm, US: Russia Has Committed Crimes Against Humanity in Ukraine, Joel Cummins Umphreys McGee Keyboard Rig - January 2023 [VIDEO], Oklahoma Judge Transfers Lesbian Moms Parental Rights to Her Sons Sperm Donor. tower aircraft now descending entering cloud") Procedures for sending and receiving messages were and are standardised whether you are services or civilian operators.Regarding the 'mystery' surrounding Harmer's last transmission.Firstly, an operator always has in front of them a written copy of the message being sent. STENDEC and Stardust have Actually, the With so many people packing heat the country must be safer, right? Then browse to a site you want to post, select some text on the page to use for a quote, click the bookmarklet, and the Pages posting window will appear with the title, text, and any embedded video or audio files already filled in, ready to go. / . Imaginative souls speculated that aliens had snatched the large Lancastrian along with its passengers and crew. / / -.-. A mix of misinterpretation and a lack of recent knowledge led to the operator instead hearing the term STENDEC, which, combined with the disappearance of the plane, led to one of South Americas greatest aviation mysteries. STENDEC - Solved?! [citation needed], Mistakenly assuming their ground speed to be faster than it really was, the crew might have deduced that they had already safely crossed the Andes, and so commenced their descent to Santiago, whereas in fact they were still a considerable distance to the east-north-east and were approaching the cloud-enshrouded Tupungato Glacier at high speed.
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