1857. See also Christina Duffy Burnett, The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands, American Quarterly 57 (2005): 779803 and Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History (Cambridge, 2013). endobj According to U.S. Bureau of the Census, Reports on Population, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940 , vol. You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. The Territory of the United States, 1845-1886 A map from 1886 of the United States showing the territories ceded by Mexico and the acquisition of Alaska. The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. 22. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). Historians have rightly come to understand such sovereignty challenges as important components of U.S. history rather than as foreign episodes that lie outside the purview of the United States. Mariana Islands, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 most islands adopt of the United States, Geography 20 diss., University of Michigan, 2011); Peter Bacon Hales on atomic testing on the Bikini atoll in Outside the Gates of Eden: The Dream of America from Hiroshima to Now (Chicago, IL, 2014), ch. This was not a freak event. am looking for help for this assingment witch about ProForma Statement I need to create ProFor. The comparison is enlightening. But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. 44. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. ;?={9+;5[?|XI'UX7ZJA'%N7:B5nbuYq"Q13JLhd 1; and Rebecca Tinio McKennas study of a colonial hill station in American Imperial Pastoral: The Architecture of U.S. Colonialism in the Philippines (Chicago, IL, forthcoming). Relief shown by hachures. 12. 39 It abandoned base sites, in some cases as a response to anti-basing protests. Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. Not yet. In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. Pdf. 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. What we rarely acknowledge is how much territory the U.S. also held by the wars end. Available also Peabody, M. M. (Moody Morse) - Peabody, M. M. Wall map. Summary, Has The Organization Managements Played Part In Increase In Information Risk In The Modern World 1 Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Trumanand the Shoot-Out That Stopped It (New York, 2005), 266. The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. 5 (2011): 134891. United States territorial acquisitions table, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11, Territorial evolution of the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, territorial acquisitions of the United States, "Milestones: 18011829 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18301860 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18661898 Office of the Historian", "Territorial Acquisitions of the United States", "Why the United States Controls Guantanamo Bay", http://www.waterislandhistory.com/militaryhistory.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table&oldid=1140692169, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11. JFIF ` ` C It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. Law Club (Chicago, Ill.) - Smith, Howard Leslie. U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. August R. Ohmans 1904 pocket map, highlighting the expansion of the United States, feautures a world map, top inset. That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. %PDF-1.5 One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. A different but compatible accounting is offered in David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York, 2015). under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . Under whatever name, the conception of a Greater United States had largely vanished by the U.S. entry into the First World War. First attempt to open the Mississippi LC Civil War maps (2nd ed. Many of the most important books have been edited collections: Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham, NC, 1993); Frances Negrn-Muntaner and Ramn Grosfoguel, eds., Puerto Rico Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN, 1997); Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, NC, 2003); Catherine Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military Posts (New York, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison, WI, 2009); and Alyosha Goldstein, ed., Formations of United States Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2014). 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. Histories of the United States are, by and large, histories of the logo map. The reason has not just to do with our conception of empire. Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. independent as Kiribati Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States : For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.-Native American treaties . Empire, Militarization, and Suburbanization and the Marshall Islands, 19441986 (Ph.D. In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. (Santo Domingo, 1998). Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. In 1947, the Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, and Marshall Islands became the most recent U.S. territorial acquisitions, as of August 2021. Speech of Hon. For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. On Hawaiian statehood in this regard, see Sarah Miller-Davenport, State of the New: Hawaii Statehood and Global Decolonization in American Culture, 19451978 (Ph.D. It was entitled Greater United States. 19. 45 But what we are learning is how important those small specks nevertheless are, as they act as staging grounds for precisely the kind of economic, military, and cultural interventions that the Wisconsin School emphasized. In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . James R. Blaker, United States Overseas Basing: An Anatomy of the Dilemma (New York, 1990), 33. To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. Sectionalism map of the united states; 529,189. 13. To get a better sense of this, consider the historiographic fate of the Philippines, the largest U.S. colony by an order of magnitude, in our most prominent historical journals. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. Profile of the Erie Canal, notes, and illustration in lower margin. Wall maps. The company operated by providing a network of support infrastructure for adventuring groups, which were referred to as franchises. Congress rejected the proposal, though, partly to avoid the prospect of Indian representatives in the Capitol. 40 By the time Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959, the proportion of people living under U.S. jurisdiction but outside of the states had fallen from 51% to around 2%, and it has hovered between 1% and 3% ever since. (William B.) Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence Territories with no indigenous populations, such as Wake Island, are listed as unpopulated, although the United States often stationed military outposts on them. Palins husband, an Alaska Native, was for years a registered member of the Alaska Independence Party. The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. 29. More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . The total area of U.S. overseas bases is reported in Department of Defense, Base Structure ReportFiscal Year 2015 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Property Inventory, Washington, DC, 2015, 84. Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. 15. Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the Prime meridians: Washington, D.C. and London. United States--History, - 1. Includes note, list to poplulation by states, and a bar graph showing the National Publishing Company (Boston, Mass.). They hung on classroom walls. That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. 41. endobj To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. It featured a clean division between home front and battlefield and left the United States largely unscathed, with the sole and notable exception of the attack on Hawaii at Pearl Harbor. 31. We typically say that the end of the war left the United States in a global position of economic and political supremacy. 4. 5. Oregon Territory. 1853. It was, in the Pacific, a war over colonies. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. It is tempting to think that the overseas territories can be safely dismissed in this way because they were small and remote. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. In a series of cases from 1901 to 1922, known as the Insular Cases , the Supreme Court considered whether the territories were part of the United States as referred to in the Constitution, i.e., it asked whether the Constitution applied to them. In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. Baker Island Howland Island . I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. After all, many groups have contested U.S. rule, from Southern confederates to black nationalists. 3 (1933): 44874. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. On March 1, 1784, just 47 days after the Treaty of Paris granting the United States independence was ratified, Virginia ceded its claims over the area north of the Ohio River to the federal government. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. This box map, from the inside cover of the 1910 edition of Allen C. Thomas's textbook, An Elementary History of the United States (first published 1900), shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawai'i, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico. 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. 42. Its common in our field to emphasize the year 1898 and the war with Spain. for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain This was an intellectually transformative event. It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas. Expansion . If California was one end of the spectrum, Oklahoma was the other. 6. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Philippines Island, Midway Island, Guam and more. Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. In the rest of the theater, it occurred on December 8th. Pdf. Relief shown by hachures. Don't use plagiarized sources. 26. 2 0 obj 21. 41. . The profession of liberty (the eagle), the reality of domination (the grasping talons)both parts are important to the notion of informal empire. 9. 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). 27. Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. for $7.2 million; statehood 1959, Annexation of independent republic; statehood 1959, Purchased from Spain Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. 36. United States--Territorial expansion. The zip has the lab results and etc. The recent monographic literature is large; but see especially Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT, 1998); Louis A. Prez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state. If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. Dorr v. United States , 195 U.S. 138, 155 (1904) (Harlan, J. M., dissenting). 19. Leadership Task 2 2. On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. 28. Reasoning with a racist logicthe initial cases were decided by the same court that decided Plessy v. Ferguson it concluded that the bulk of the territories were unincorporated into the political body of the United States. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . This can be most clearly seen in the realm of the law. 33. The revolt touched eight cities. 18. Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. Not in the sense of endorsing the Courts opinion, but in adhering to the Courts understanding about what parts of the United States are in the country and what parts arent. On Indian Territory, alternatively known as Indian Country: Roy Gittinger, The Formation of the State of Oklahoma, 18031906 (Norman, OK, 1939); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States and the American Indians , 2 vols. Mexican Cession. Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes), Home About Services Privacy Reviews Login, Copyright 2023 Academic Cave | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme, Click one of our contacts below to chat on WhatsApp. Mexican Cession. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes) Texas. The Greater United States is not my term. Examine the map of US acquisitions and annexations. ), 32 Sherman's march to the sea LC Civil War maps (2nd R. O. Evans and Company - Robertson, H. C. National expansion under the Constitution; or, Despotic power versus delegated authority. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as Certainly, many inhabitants of the territories have regarded U.S. rule as illegitimate and seen themselves as inhabitants of, for example, the Hawaiian nation rather than of the United States. After Albizu went to prison, his supporters held a march in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and were gunned down by the police. Yet annexation did take place. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley, CA, 2002); Katherine T. McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest: The U.S. Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico (New Brunswick, NJ, 2002); Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2004); Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Durham, NC, 2006); Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006); Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning Elite Political Cultures and the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2008); Julie Greene, The Canal Builders: Making Americas Empire at the Panama Canal (New York, 2009); Jana K. Lipman, Guantnamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution (Berkeley, CA, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy, Policing Americas Empire: The United States, the Philippines and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison, WI, 2009); Anne L. Foster, Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia (Durham, NC, 2010); Lanny Thompson, Imperial Archipelago: Representation and Rule in the Insular Territories under U.S. Dominion after 1898 (Honolulu, HI, 2010); and Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (Cambridge, 2011). There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). These were, it is important to state, not novelty maps. But things are changing quickly. Following the United States' annexation of the Philippines, _____ led a revolt against the U.S. that resulted in more U.S. casualties than the number who . The first sixteen chiefs of staff, until 1948, all served in the colonies. 9. 30. Donald M. Seekins, Historical Setting, in Ronald E. Dolan, Philippines: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991), 41. The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907). For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. 2007-228. It is generally held to be an illegal act. 40. Each franchise was licensed to operate within a . It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. But those familiar borders only held for four years. The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. Perpetual Foreigners: Chinese Americans and the U.S. : The Evolution of Territoriality in American Law (Oxford, 2009); and Gerald L. Neuman and Tomiko Brown-Nagin, eds., Reconsidering the Insular Cases: The Past and Future of American Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2015). Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. 26. Oregon Territory. Map of A map of the United States showing the territorial acquisitions up to the Gadsden Purchase in northern Mexico in 1853. The many islands claimed by the United States but not listed in the census (all uninhabited) are not included. HISTORY United States: world's fourth largest country in terms of area #1: Russia #2: Canada #3: China migration: the movement of people within a country or region . But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. 203. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. 20. Cover-title. It culminated in nationalists firing shots at the governors mansion in San Juan and in a very-nearly-successful assassination attempt on President Harry Truman in Washington, D.C. Reporter and political insider Drew Pearson cited the attempt on Trumans life as one of the reasons that Truman didnt run for re-election. As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. California filled with whites and transitioned from military rule to statehood in two years. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. 1. The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . Fish and Wildlife Service, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of If you do factor them in, you start to notice some important features of the war, features often neglected in the telling of it. J. Edgar Hoover to Harry Hopkins, July 17, 1943, FBIPR Files, Pedro Albizu Campos, FBI File No. Please read and follow the lab r, Internet Research Of 6 Ids And 6 Vulnerability Management And Assessment Tools 1 Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became Boston, Small, Maynard & company. But even that familiar story, when viewed through the lens of territoriality, can seem new. This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. 11. * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States..
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