B. provide clear definitions. D. deductive reasoning. D. The availability heuristic, Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker? 20. d. 100, ________, which is caused by a defect in a male gene that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development, is a biological cause of intellectual disability. a. accurately determine IQ. This event schema involves getting in the car, shutting the door, and buckling your seatbelt before putting the key in the ignition. If an instructor was referring to a stream during a lecture, a student's mental image is likely to be: A. d. collective monologue. c. an availability heuristic Encoding information occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing. c. what a person knows about a particular type of object does predict the behavior of a specific individual? B. using algorithms. a. communicate with one another; dream more vividly It is illustrated when psychologists and other scientists use theories to make predictions and then evaluate their predictions by making further observations. Which of the following is true of concepts? Dec 19, 2022 OpenStax. As we continue to examine thinking, keep in mind how powerful the forces of concepts and schemata are to our understanding of the world. D. subgoal. Then suddenly, "Aha!" Lets say you graduated from high school 10 years ago, and you have returned to your hometown for your 10-year reunion. d. similar to, Which of the following images is the best example of a prototype for a fruit? Predict whether the dissociation of the dimer to the monomer is exothermic or endothermic, based on the fact that at higher temperatures the yellow color of the solution intensifies. A. suggest obvious operations. Which of the following is true with regard to development? C. subgoaling. B. Short-term memory storage lasts 15 to 30 seconds. Psychology is best defined as the study of a. mental health. As such, he does not get involved in d. pragmatics. syntactically correct but semantically incorrect. c. best measured by the Stanford-Binet IQ test. Mental sets A. A more creative method of problem-solving is the use of: The voyage wasn't delayed because the bottle shattered. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. He looked all through the glove compartment for a flashlight so that he could get a better look under his seat. Moreover, you probably are good at staying balanced, but cannot tell someone the exact way you do it. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. d. mechanical solution. Typically, the event schema that occurs when you hear your phone ringing involves locating the phone and answering it or responding to your latest text message. involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test. answer choices phenomenon that just happens reconstructive process way in which we receive information not important Question 2 30 seconds Q. d. music notes on a keyboard. ________ is the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively for solving problems. _____ is an individual's level of intellectual development relative to that of others. Once the concept of area of a square is understood, an understanding of area for other geometric shapes can be built upon the original understanding of area. Could semantic encoding be beneficial to you as you attempt to memorize the concepts in this chapter? Cooper's father believes that his career is more important than raising his son. c. cultural bias. 110 d. where a person lives does not, What a person knows about a particular type of object does, A recent study has shown that for a group of individuals with ______, computerized cognitive exercises that placed increasing demands on auditory perception were beneficial. Carla is a first-semester freshman at State University. In the context of loss aversion, identify the true statement about sunk-cost fallacy. Not all long-term memories are strong memories, and some memories can only be recalled using prompts. B. Atkinson and Shiffrin's model is not the only model of memory. Determine the value of the conduction parameter required so that VO=0.70VV_O=0.70 \mathrm{~V}VO=0.70V when VI=0.75VV_I=0.75 \mathrm{~V}VI=0.75V. MiniLab 1 If you carefully place a steel razor blade flat on the surface of water, the razor blade can be made to float. A. convergent thinking. Really quickly, what is the first word that comes to mind when you hear peanut butter? We get information into our brains through a process called encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. c. 30 Heuristics are more commonly used in everyday situations, such as figuring out the best route to get from point A to point B. What word did you come up with? It involves forming opinions based on prior experiences. She enjoyed their company a great deal and was very impressed with how nice they were. In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories, natural and artificial. Which of the following is true of long-term memory? According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory. 75 Work through this series of numbers using the recall exercise explained above to determine the longest string of digits that you can store. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. ________ is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence. A. She concludes that Drake might be a basketball player for his college team. Pessimism Algorithms break complex tasks into steps that can be followed. d. They will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found. a. availability heuristic We recommend using a As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. A company uses a spreadsheet to prepare its statement of cash flows. B. Semantic encoding involves a deeper level of processing than the shallower visual or acoustic encoding. There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. d. natural concept. For example, what was your professor wearing the last class period? d. apple, ________ is the ability to adapt and deal with new problems or challenges the first time you encounter them. People are reluctant to give up on a venture because of past investment. b. rule of thumb. You know what it looks like, smells like, tastes like, and feels like. She has an amazing and highly superior autobiographical memory (Figure 8.7). If complete accuracy is required, it is best to use an algorithm. c. make sounds; dream more vividly People often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples. a. morphemes. B. Psychology is a social science that is rooted in the natural sciences, like history and philosophy. Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain? C. Hindsight bias An algorithm is a finite sequence of precise instructions for performing a computation or solving a problem. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. C. merely frame the problem in a vague way. 130 or higher. First, the doors open and you wait to let exiting passengers leave the elevator car. You know snow from the indirect experience of seeing pictures of falling snowor from watching films that feature snow as part of the setting. 1999-2023, Rice University. Explicit memory is divided into episodic memory and semantic memory. Posted on 3. a. mind set. Abstract symbols on a keyboard and making some sounds, Piaget theorized that _____ preceded and aided the development of ______. Choose all that apply. Either way, snow is a natural concept because you can construct an understanding of it through direct observations, experiences with snow, or indirect knowledge (such as from films or books) (Figure 7.3). Why or why not? Algorithms can be a great problem-solving choice when the answer needs to be 100% accurate or when each decision needs to follow the same process. c. convergent thinking. a. the debate of sign language versus spoken language. 1. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/7-1-what-is-cognition, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Explain the difference between natural and artificial concepts, Describe how schemata are organized and constructed. You have to cook dinner for 30 people on Saturday. b. naturalist intelligence. Psychologists would most likely consider Malcom to be Your improved bicycle riding was due to learning balancing abilities. Once the information has been encoded, we have to somehow retain it. A test can fail in validity and still: A. a. creative An algorithm is the process of breaking problems. Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of. a. communicate _____ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance. answer choices converting visual information into something meaningful converting sound into vibrations bringing information housed in long-term memory to mind holding information just long enough to work with it Question 2 30 seconds Q. According to the social brain hypothesis, each of us can deal effectively with social interactions with roughly 150 people. Formal concepts Cognitive psychology studies all of the following EXCEPT A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory. C. 15 to 20 While each situation is unique, you may want to use an algorithm when being accurate is the primary concern. d. language; concepts, The rhythm and emphasis of communicating is part of which language structure? Read our, Overview of the Problem-Solving Mental Process, The Psychology of Decision-Making Strategies, How to Increase Your Mental Agility With Dr. Elaine Fox, The Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development, Learning Styles Based on Jung's Theory of Personality, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, An algorithm for determining use of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy, Fast or frugal, but not both: decision heuristics under time pressure, The method a search engine uses to find information on the internet, Instructions for how to assemble a bicycle, Instructions for how to solve a Rubik's cube. Wechsler's four index scales are verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and: a. quantitative processing. Episodic memories are also called autobiographical memories. TEMA 40 - TERAPIA ANTIVIRAL: MECANISMO DE ACC, Arlene Lacombe, Kathryn Dumper, Rose Spielman, William Jenkins. Since then, Tulving and others have reformulated the theory, and currently scientists believe that episodic memory is memory about happenings in particular places at particular timesthe what, where, and when of an event (Tulving, 2002). In this case, Dan's experience demonstrates. B. top-down reasoning. Creative Commons Attribution License declarative memory. C. Vocabulary usually decreases below 50 words per day when children are between ages 9 and 11. C. Selection bias However, more contemporary research has found working memory capacity is 4 plus or minus 1 (Cowan, 2010). You would probably have an easier time recalling the words car, dog, and book, and a more difficult time recalling the words level, truth, and value. Intervention bias c. Algorithmscan replace the source code in programs. D. Algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem. (credit: Mark Richardson), video that explains short-term and long-term memory, video about superior autobiographical memory, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/8-1-how-memory-functions, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Discuss the three basic functions of memory, Describe the three stages of memory storage, Describe and distinguish between procedural and declarative memory and semantic and episodic memory. This article discusses how algorithms are used as an approach to problem-solving. Dan, who often travels in airplanes, experiences sudden fear of flying after he hears the news about an airplane crash. B. confirmation bias Which of the following statements describe how algorithms are used in everyday life? Whitney took Spanish in high school, but after high school she did not have the opportunity to speak Spanish. Once we receive sensory information from the environment, our brains label or code it. The notes were sour because the seams split. According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require bodily kinesthetic intelligence? Explicit memory is sometimes referred to as declarative memory, because it can be put into words. b. Familial retardation answer choices. Lowest rating: 3. Advertisement. B. inner motivation D. Unlike heuristics, algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem. A different approach might be needed if speed is the primary concern. Most likely none of us could even come close to answering these questions; however, American actress Marilu Henner, best known for the television show Taxi, can remember. It refers to reasoning from a general principle that individuals know to be true to a specific instance. For example, while it is quite common for people to greet one another with a handshake in the United States, in Tibet, you greet someone by sticking your tongue out at them, and in Belize, you bump fists (Cairns Regional Council, n.d.). C. Heuristics are shortcut strategies. answer choices converting visual information into something meaningful converting sound into vibrations bringing information housed in long-term memory to mind holding information just long enough to work with it Question 2 30 seconds Q. If a test does not measure what it's supposed to measure, then it lacks: C. mental set is the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. Which of the following statements is true of subgoals? In waking up and getting ready for class in the morning, one might follow a(n): It is illustrated when psychologists and other scientists use theories to make predictions and then evaluate their predictions by making further observations. On the other hand, abstract words like level, truth, and value are low-imagery words. b. consciousness and intuition. Which of the following characteristics is essential to the process of critical thinking? conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period. D. categorical thinking. Round answer to the nearest cent. d. "street smarts.". _____ is the tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. A. confirmation bias. In either case, you usually cannot put the memory into words that adequately describe the task. d. trial and error. b. syntax. C. Artificial intelligence (AI)/algorithms a. subjective. Which of the following statements is true of subgoals? B. are slow. Claudia is trying to cook her mother's famous lasagna. C. telepathy. b. analytical c. a picture-like image. Some concepts, like tolerance, are agreed upon by many people, because they have been used in various ways over many years. cannot make NEW memories, information does not pass from ST memory to be stores in LT Memory, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience. Social Sciences. d. books and bookshelves. For example, specific smells can cause specific emotional responses for some people. It is improved by chunking and rehearsal techniques. B. concept Then, information in STM goes to long-term memory (you save it to your hard drive), or it is discarded (you delete a document or close a web browser). B. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. B. A. indulge in fixations. Despite not knowing this person, already you have unknowingly made judgments about them. Margaret fell down her basement stairs and suffered serious injury to her amygdala. Implicit memories are long-term memories that are not part of our consciousness. What good is economic theory if it cant Now, however, she is finding that these strategies are no longer viable ways to succeed. Which of the following statements are true of algorithms? There are two components of long-term memory: explicit and implicit. A. grasping the deeper meaning of ideas In psychology, algorithms are frequently contrasted with heuristics. Memory is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time (Figure 8.2). OTHER QUIZLET SETS. In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and finally Long-Term Memory. According to Goldstone and Kersten (2003), concepts act as building blocks and can be connected in countless combinations to create complex thoughts. C. dogmatic thinking A FalseA stream cipher is a type of algorithm that encrypts each byte in a message one at a time. Emotion and memory are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. Another technique used by your brain to organize information is the identification of prototypes for the concepts you have developed. Students from various groups within the U.S., as well as students from other countries, may have problems with this question because it is probably a. 30 seconds. and you must attribute OpenStax. d. means-end analysis. A. creative If you were asked later to recall the words from this list, which ones do you think youd most likely remember? Which of the following is the first step in the problem-solving process? The acoustic processing questions asked the participants about the sound or rhyming of the words, and the semantic processing questions asked the participants about the meaning of the words. e. $23,000. Creative intelligence is related to: b. reliability. They are used to evaluate the solutions. However, the activations do not spread in just one direction. This is known as automatic processing, or the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words. A. reasoning. D. People tend to report falsely, after the fact, that they accurately predicted an outcome. It involves bottom-up processing. c. prototype. Cognitive psychologists strive to determine and measure different types of intelligence, why some people are better at problem solving than others, and how emotional intelligence affects success in the workplace, among countless other topics. Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. $31,468,9170.4%\$ 31,468,917 \times 0.4 \%$31,468,9170.4%. A. Youve watched it fall from the sky, youve seen lightly falling snow that barely covers the windshield of your car, and youve shoveled out 18 inches of fluffy white snow as youve thought, This is perfect for skiing. Youve thrown snowballs at your best friend and gone sledding down the steepest hill in town. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development? Question 2. determine the nearest neighbors of each of the data. A(n) _____ is any agent that causes a birth defect. When other information is integrated into other memories and can't be distinguished from the original memory. a. attachment; language The use of artificial concepts to define an idea is crucial to communicating with others and engaging in complex thought. words merely reflect rather than cause the way we think. When you study United States history, for example, you learn about more than just individual events that have happened in Americas past. D. the child's IQ is above average. Importantly for memory, activating any part of a semantic network also activates the concepts linked to that part to a lesser degree. B. representativeness heuristic. a. In this case, Claudia is using a(n) This powerful event schema is informed by your pattern of behavior and the pleasurable stimulation that a phone call or text message gives your brain. B. functional fixedness. Texting while driving is dangerous, but it is a difficult event schema for some people to resist. The 60 words were actually divided into 4 categories of meaning, although the participants did not know this because the words were randomly presented. A. simulation heuristic. ________ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance. They take a step-by-step approach to performing a task. A. developing good problem-solving strategies a. phonemes D. divergent thinking but not in convergent thinking. A. heuristic b. learning concepts first helped students have better vocabularies. It is sometimes referred to as the "I-knew-it-all-along effect." There are three types of encoding. B. The process is known as spreading activation (Collins & Loftus, 1975). Divergent thinking is especially difficult to teach to: According to linguist Noam Chomsky, a language acquisition device (or LAD): C. Even if the heritability of a characteristic is very high, the environment seldom matters. Watch this video about the neuroscience of memory to learn more. c. the more likely that person will succeed in an academic setting. Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During what month of the year does the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship games start?" These mental shortcuts are typically informed by our past experiences and allow us to act quickly. Mental images Want to cite, share, or modify this book? Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site B. category. Rehearsal moves information from short-term memory to long-term memory. They make fewer mistakes than their less-imaginative counterparts. Implicit emotional conditioning is the type of memory involved in classically conditioned emotion responses (Olson & Fazio, 2001). It is very brief storageup to a couple of seconds. If you repeat it enough, it may be moved into long-term memory. d. two, You're asked to come up with a new slogan for your school's Psychology Club. We organize the information with other similar information and connect new concepts to existing concepts. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. What were you wearing exactly five years ago today? _____ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics. Short-term memory takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in long-term memory. consent of Rice University. Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the ________ of sports. answer choices. d. an image of the instructor. They will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found. B. scope. He has skipped three grades and is a straight A student with superior verbal and mathematical talent. d. trial and error. A. autistic. Kafka, Inc., estimates that it can generate $4,600 per year in additional cash inflows for the next five years if it modernizes its equipment at a cost of$15,000. b. Compare Points of View Should democracies take action to help prevent dictatorships? b. concepts are universal and influence the development of language. He has never been to any of Cooper's soccer games or met any of his friends. Our ability to retrieve information from long-term memory is vital to our everyday functioning. These are concrete, high-imagery words. In keeping with the computer analogy, some information in your long-term memory would be like the information you have saved on the hard drive. c. confirmation bias. This type of reasoning is known as. An algorithm is often expressed in the form of a graph, where a square represents each step. For instance, some people really enjoy picnics. C. They strive to evaluate their work subjectively. Had you read, Some people really enjoy growing flowers. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo The strange situation test is used to assess an infant's. C. Fixation b. tomato For example, you would use recall for an essay test. Mathematical formulas, like the equation for area (length width) are artificial concepts defined by specific sets of characteristics that are always the same. Juli 2022 . The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state, is known as, Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the. creating norms, or performance standards, for the test. Through the use of fMRI, researchers have found an overlap between brain areas activated during visual mental imagery tasks as compared to: Which of the following is true of short-term memory?
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