The cycle then repeats under a surface pattern of repetitive motifs. 151 Comments Please sign inor registerto post comments. He works in the metro Detroit area as an office facilities coordinator for the Financial Shared Service Center of Lafarge North America Inc. On the other hand, Ibn Khaldun's insistence and attachment to his claim of Arab ancestry at a time of Berber dynasties domination is also a valid reason to believe his claim. After his return from a pilgrimage to Mecca in May 1388, Ibn Khaldn concentrated on teaching at various Cairo madrasas. Umran and asabiyya are the glue of the cyclical theory which explains the birth and death of sovereign powers. Ibn Khaldun's work on evolution of societies also influenced Egon Orowan, who termed the concept of socionomy. While Ibn Khaldun is known to have been a successful lecturer on jurisprudence within religious sciences, only very few of his students were aware of, and influenced by, his Muqaddimah. The age of commerce. The Laffer Curve Revisited", "The Laffer Curve: Past, Present, and Future", "The Laffer Curve, Past, Present and Future", "Encounter of Civilizations: Ibn Khaldun Exhibit Opens at Headquarters", Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work, by Muhammad Hozien, Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Complete Muqaddimah/Kitab al-Ibar in English (without Chapter V, 13), Muslim Scientists and Scholars Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Khalduns Philosophy of Management and Work, Ibn Khaldun (al-Muqaddimah): Methodology & concepts of economic sociology, Ibn Khaldun. (2017). In his 1978 book The Fate of Empires and the Search for Survival, he described a common pattern fitting the history of some fallen empires. Most have lasted around 250 years, ten Too many people care only for themselves and more & more seem OK with the government taking care of every moment of their lives. Ibn Khaldun defines the downfall as a usual process and says that states, dynasties, nations and civilizations are like humans so that they are born, grow, die and others take over their places and they face the same results and this process repeats itself again and again. Furthermore, the immoral lifestyles of many musicians, often including drug abuse and promiscuous sex, also have an impact on society. We assume that the units are. Today in America the people generally admired above all (and perpetually gossiped about) are celebrities such as sports stars, singers, actors and musicians. Today, they are far more apt to be a divisive force. Once the barbarians solidify their control over the conquered society, however, they become attracted to its more refined aspects, such as literacy and arts, and either assimilate into or appropriate such cultural practices. He received a classical Islamic education, studying the Quran, which he memorized by heart, Arabic linguistics; the basis for understanding the Qur'an, hadith, sharia (law) and fiqh (jurisprudence). Upon the death of Ab Inan in 1358, Vizier al-Hasn ibn-Umar granted him freedom and reinstated him to his rank and offices. Ibn Khaldn successfully carried out this mission and politely declined Pedro's offer to remain at his court and have his family's Spanish possessions returned to him. 30, no. 606 pages. Answer:Historiography sociology economics demography political scienceAsabiyyah Conquest theory of state formation Cyclical theory of empires Economic growth th At his request, Ibn Khaldn even wrote a long report about it. Thus are the stages of civilizations. Asabiyyah Conquest theory of state formation Cyclical theory of empires Economic growth theory Political midlife crisis Supply and demand theory: Muslim leader: What is history according to Ibn Khaldun? pointclickcare login nursing emar; cyclical theory of empires. "These people were non-Arab by descent, but they grew up among the Arabs who possessed the habit of Arabic," Ibn Khaldun once recalled, "[b]ecause of this, they were able to master Arabic so well that they cannot be surpassed. Ibn Khaldun's Cyclical Theory on the Rise and Fall of Sovereign Powers: The Case of Ottoman Empire. The Iraqi Navy named a frigate after Ibn Khaldun. June 8, 2022; group homes for adults with mental disabilities; 24x48 polished porcelain tile . History, Cyclical Theory of a sociophilosophical concept according to which the periodicity of history is based on the repetition or recurrence of social processes. They switch from the offensive to the defensive. Cultures and civilizations come and go; only the Church (though often in need of reform) and true biblical culture remain. The historian W.H. The individual being cannot by himself obtain all the necessities of life. He heavily emphasized that a good society would be one in which a tradition of education is deeply rooted in its culture. Advancements in literary works such as poems and prose were another way to distinguish the achievement of a civilization, but Ibn Khaldun believed that whenever the literary facet of a society reaches its highest levels it ceases to indicate societal achievements anymore, but is an embellishment of life. Only the Lord knows the next stage and long this interregnum will be. He died on 17 March 1406, one month after his sixth selection for the office of the Maliki qadi (Judge). Jahangir's World Times First Comprehensive Magazine for students/teachers of competitive exams and general readers as well. This social cohesion arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups (Rashed,2017). American King James Version). The United States, China, the European Union (EU), and Russia all have been described as empires. We shouldn't believe that America will automatically avoid the fate of other great empires that declined and fell in the past. Both irresponsible pleasure-seeking and pessimism increase among the people and their leaders. 5. Didn't that happen to other great empires in the past, such as those of Britain, Spain, Rome, Persia, Babylon and Egypt? [26] Ibn Khaldn's autobiography is the story of an adventure, in which he spends time in prison, reaches the highest offices and falls again into exile. June 3, 2022 Posted by: Category: Uncategorized Scholars also might manage schools that teach the ruling class and/or some of the average people subjects that are either mainly oriented towards financial success or are simply impractical. The age of decadence. Ana Maria C. Minecan, 2012 "El vnculo comunitario y el poder en Ibn Jaldn" in Jos-Miguel Marinas (Ed. The spirit described in 1 Corinthians 15:32 1 Corinthians 15:32If after the manner of men I have fought with beasts at Ephesus, what advantages it me, if the dead rise not? [22][23], His family's high rank enabled Ibn Khaldun to study with prominent teachers in Maghreb. The first references to Ibn Khaldun in Ottoman writings appeared in the middle of the 17th century, with historians such as Ktip elebi naming him as a great influence, while another Turkish Ottoman historian, Mustafa Naima, attempted to use Ibn Khaldun's cyclical theory of the rise and fall of empires to describe the Ottoman Empire. The age of outburst (or pioneers). While Islam is a culture, it isnt a civilization. Max Weber 10. Because of their prominent locations within the empire, their influence greatly exceeds their percentage of the population. Somehow, Mohammedanism has tapped into evil in a way unlike others. Ibn Khaldun defines the downfall as a usual process and says that states, dynasties, nations and civilizations are like humans so that they . This social cohesion arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups; it can be intensified and enlarged by a religious ideology. [39], Ibn Khaldun also called for the creation of a science to explain society and went on to outline these ideas in his major work, the Muqaddimah, which states that Civilization and its well-being, as well as business prosperity, depend on productivity and peoples efforts in all directions in their own interest and profit. 4 Retail life cycle A theory asserting that institutions -- like the goods and services they sell -- pass through identifiable life-cycle stages: innovation, accelerated development, maturity, and decline. cyclical theory of empires. Has the United States entered the latter phases of the empire life cycle? "The founding father of Eastern Sociology". And prior to all this, in the Old Testament period, there had been the Kingdom of David, to be succeeded by Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome. 2, 2014, pp. before and after walking 20,000 steps a day . The university promotes a policy of trilingualism. Cyclical Development of Empires - an Application of Krugman's Theory . American King James Version; 31:20). He was surprised that many non-Arabs were really successful in the Arabic society, had good jobs and were well received by the community. His doubts were vindicated, as the young and inexperienced Faraj, concerned about a revolt in Egypt, left his army to its own devices in Syria and hurried home. The cyclical theory of social change is a perspective that explains how societies undergo changes over time in a repetitive, cyclical pattern. He deeply influenced his immediate peers and successive generations of American artists. Then the empire eventually collapses. During the last stages of decadence and decline, an empire's people often think most highly of and imitate athletes, musicians and actorsdespite how corrupt these celebrities' private lives are. 7. He understood this human tendency. Concerning the discipline of sociology, he described the dichotomy of sedentary life versus nomadic life as well as the inevitable loss of power that occurs when warriors conquer a city. Ibn Khaldn, therefore, decided to move to Granada. "[60] Ernest Gellner, once a professor of philosophy and logic at the London School of Economics, considered Khaldun's definition of government[note 4] the best in the history of political theory.[61]. That was brought into sharp contrast after Ibn Khaldn presented him with a copy of the completed history that omitted the usual panegyric to the ruler. The cyclic universe theory does not necessarily replace the Big Bang theory, it just sheds some light on some more questions, such as what was before the Big Bang and why the Big Bang led to a period of rapid expansion. After his return to the West, Ibn Khaldn sought refuge with one of the Berber tribes in the west of Algeria, in the town of Qalat Ibn Salama. If we accept the theory that a continent can be separated into units and peripheries, it is worth examining the theory at a higher level as well. His first book, Lubbu l-Muhassal, a commentary on the Islamic theology of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, was written at the age of 19 under the supervision of his teacher al-bil in Tunis. Another way to distinguish the achievement of a society would be the language of a society, since for him the most important element of a society would not be land, but the language spoken. Cyclical unemployment is a factor of overall unemployment that relates to the cyclical trends in growth and production that occur within the business cycle. snoopy happy dance emoji 8959 norma pl west hollywood ca 90069 8959 norma pl west hollywood ca 90069 2. Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology. Ibn Battuta (/bnbttut/; 24 February 1304 - 1368/1369) was a Muslim Moroccan scholar and explorer who travelled extensively in Afro-Eurasia, largely in the lands of Dar al-Islam, travelling more than any other explorer in pre-modern history, totalling around 117,000 km (72,000 miles), surpassing Zheng He with Where did Ibn Sina come from? Credit Solution Experts Incorporated offers quality business credit building services, which includes an easy step-by-step system designed for helping clients build their business credit effortlessly. God is ever so merciful, but His patience in the face of our national sins is wearing thin. Or maybe an energetic internal force, such as the pro-capitalist reformers in the Soviet Union, finishes the job instead. Even the brutal Mongol Empire, by bringing most of Asia under its rule, encouraged the caravan trade along Eurasia's famed Silk Road. The theme of the contest is "how individuals, think tanks, universities and entrepreneurs can influence government policies to allow the free market to flourish and improve the lives of its citizens based on Islamic teachings and traditions. Abdurahman bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Al-Hasan bin Jabir bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim bin Abdurahman bin Ibn Khaldun al-Hadrami, generally known as "Ibn Khaldn" after a remote ancestor, was born in Tunis in AD 1332 (732 AH) into an upper-class Andalusian family of Arab descent,[10] the family's ancestor was a Hadhrami who shared kinship with Wal ibn Hujr, a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In that year, he was sent for to Tlemcen by the new sultan. In his autobiography, Ibn Khaldn tells little about his conflict with Ibn al-Khatib and the reasons for his departure. Nomadic, barbarian tribes move in to occupy a sedentary, "civilized" culture by force or infiltration. A theory for formation of large empires*. Taking the full control of subjects and the obedience of subjects3. "[49] He believed that the reason why non-Arabs were accepted as part of Arab society was due to their mastery of the Arabic language. The German philosopher Hegel (1770-1831) knew that just because men and women learned about the past, that didn't mean they'd make better decisions about the future. I, 1324)[46], Both Ibn Khaldun and Smith shared the idea that the division of labor is fundamental to economic growth, however, the motivations and context for such division differed between them. Here diversity plainly leads to divisiveness. The cyclical character of human affairs was closely affiliated with the conception of an all-powerful, inscrutable, inflexible Destiny which came to replace the gods as the sovereign of history. Muqaddimah an Introduction to History. "This grand scheme to find a new science of society makes him the forerunner of many of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries system-builders such as Vico, Comte and Marx." P. Turchin. He generalized about empires having seven stages of development, identifying these successive ages as follows: 1. I may have misread the post, but I believe the point was that our culture IS lost, and there is no hope. "He is considered by some as a father of modern economics, or at least a major forerunner. Since we know that the handwriting is on the wall, what will we now choose to do? All societies must have a state governing them in order to establish a society. Such problems are especially likely when the poor believe state-provided charity is a permanent right or entitlement. 1970 ford torino for sale; federal premium barnes tsx 300 win mag His best-known book, the Muqaddimah or Prolegomena ("Introduction"), which he wrote in six months as he states in his autobiography,[17] influenced 17th-century and 19th-century Ottoman historians such as Ktip elebi, Mustafa Naima and Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, who used its theories to analyze the growth and decline of the Ottoman Empire. Such ideas, which date back to very ancient times, were first expressed in . cyclical theory of empires. Journal of Global History. Ibn Khaldun: Historian, Sociologist and Philosopher. The first-century writer Seneca once complained about Roman upper-class women: "They divorce in order to re-marry. Unlike a hundred years ago, America's intellectual elite overall has adopted multiculturalism (the promotion of immigrants maintaining their prior distinct cultures) and has rejected assimilation (adopting the existing national culture) as its ideal. Under pretence of going on the Hajj to Mecca, something for which a Muslim ruler could not simply refuse permission, Ibn Khaldn was able to leave Tunis and to sail to Alexandria. After the death of Ab Abdallh in 1366, Ibn Khaldn changed sides once again and allied himself with the Sultan of Tlemcen, Ab l-Abbas. As he notes in his examination of a number of previous empires, the processes of history often repeat themselves. The Life Cycles of Empires: Lessons for America Today? [13] And when your herds and your flocks multiply, and your silver and your gold is multiplied, and all that you have is multiplied; Yet she alone will survive this changing world, because she is the Bride of Christ and also His Body. During these middle stages, empires stop taking more land and start building walls instead. With a UCG.org account you will be able to save items to read and study later! Today multiculturalism is the ideology underlying a potentially ultimate political Balkanization, wherein society is fragmented along ethnic and cultural lines. About one half of its non-slave population was on the dole at least part of the year. What are the main theories of social change in the United States? Glubb Pasha learned that different empires had similar cultural changes while experiencing a life cycle in a series of stages that could overlap. At birth , there are slow rates of growth due tolimited resources and experiences. The combined labour produces more than the needs and necessities of the workers (Ibn Khaldun 1958, vol.II 271 -272)[45], In every other art and manufacture, the effects of the division of labour are similar to what they are in this very trifling one [pin production]; though, in many of them, the labour can either be so much subdivided, nor reduced to so great a simplicity of operation. let us eat and drink; for to morrow we die.American King James Versionspreads throughout society: "Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die!". Born in Tunis in 1332, Khaldun served the government of the day in many ways. ADAM AKADEM Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8 (2), 231-266. doi: 10/adamakademi. Following family tradition, he strove for a political career. Thank you for this, Monsignor. Sociology. Find your place in the ark, ever ancient and yet new. [47], Ibn Khaldun's epistemology attempted to reconcile mysticism with theology by dividing science into two different categories, the religious science that regards the sciences of the Qur'an and the non-religious science. "[66] In 2006, Spain commemorated the 600th anniversary of the death of Ibn Khaldun by orchestrating an exhibit titled "Encounter of Civilizations: Ibn Khaldun."[67]. By the end of a society, it will weaken, allowing another small group of individuals to come into control. 3. I was just saying to someone the other day that our civilization, like all others, will cycle on through to its inevitable end. [30] Timur questioned him in detail about conditions in the lands of the Maghreb. He tried to adapt to all possible societies cultural behavior and influence in education, economics and politics. Post author: Post published: junho 10, 2022; Post category: aries constellation tattoo; Post comments: . Collecting tax4. Cyclical Theory of Empires, Asabiyyah, Economic Growth Theory Supply and Demand Theory Ibn Jarir , Ibn Hazm , At-Turtushi , [2] Ibn Abi Zar , Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi In the case of the city of Rome, which had perhaps 1.2 million people around A.D. 170, government-provided "bread and circuses" (food and entertainment) helped to keep the masses content. Is there any chance that these gentleman have a CD available for purchase? Abstract Between 3000 BCE and 1800 CE there were more than sixty 'mega-empires' that, at the peak, controlled an area of at least one million square kilometres. [9] Nevertheless, if you warn the wicked of his way to turn from it; if he do not turn from his way, he shall die in his iniquity; but you have delivered your soul. Mustafa Naima, attempted to use Ibn Khaldun's cyclical theory of the rise and fall of empires to describe the Ottoman Empire. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features For those of us who love our country and our culture, the pain is real. They went through a cycle of stages as they started, expanded, matured, declined and collapsed. Dr. Shukri B. Ahmad** Associate Professor . Ibn Khaldun: an Intellectual Biography. Stronger asabiyya2. Blog Home Uncategorized cyclical theory of empires. [40], Ibn Khaldun diverged from norms that Muslim historians followed and rejected their focus on the credibility of the transmitter and focused instead on the validity of the stories and encouraged critical thinking. Lets look at each of the eight stages. Could it be lost completely? It seems the old adage is true: The more things change, the more they stay the same (or, perhaps, become the same again). [18] Ibn Khaldun interacted with Tamerlane, the founder of the Timurid Empire. All human beings must co-operate to that end in their civilization. God bless your work and your holy soul. [27] The work of Ibn Khaldun has been extensively studied in the Western world with special interes. Such a theory does not necessarily imply that there . We who live in painful times like these do well to recall these truths. 2. Also, he recommended the best political approaches to develop a society according to his knowledge of history. The elderly Ibn Khaldun was placed under arrest. Ibn Khaldun's analysis looks at how this cohesion carries groups to power but contains within itself the seeds psychological, sociological, economic, political of the group's downfall, to be replaced by a new group, dynasty or empire bound by a stronger (or at least younger and more vigorous) cohesion. But now for nearly a decade since the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, its armed services have clashed with the forces of Islamic extremism and terrorism in Afghanistan, Iraq and elsewhere in the world. The Emperor Nero, for instance, would spend the modern equivalent of $500,000 for just the flowers at some banquets. cyclical theory of empires. . It is hard to deny that we are living at the end of an era. It was incredible! For example, the medieval Muslim philosophers Avicenna and Averroes, by accepting much of ancient Greek philosophy, weren't orthodox in belief. A few years later, he was taken prisoner by Abu Faris Abdul Aziz, who had defeated the sultan of Tlemcen and seized the throne. For him the highest level of literary productions would be the manifestation of prose, poems and the artistic enrichment of a society.[50]. [5] He heard the sound of the trumpet, and took not warning; his blood shall be on him. For instance, no one by himself can obtain the share of the wheat he needs for food. Sir John Bagot Glubb (1897-1987), a highly honored British general and historian better known as Glubb Pasha, wrote about the collapsed empires of the past. However, the modern biographer Mohammad Enan emphasised the unclear origins of Ibn Khaldun relying on the fact that Ibn Khaldun's criticism of Arabs might be a valid reason to cast doubt on his Arab origin. Thank you for this perspective. The Cycle of Hatred and Revenge Ends With Me A Homily for the 7th Sunday of the Year. As skilled, educated immigrants arrive, they normally benefit America economically while being a "brain drain" from Third World countries. Soldiers, builders, pioneers and explorers are admired in the initial stages of the empire life cycle. The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). Ibn Khaldun (/bn xldun/; Arabic: , Ab Zayd Abd ar-Ramn ibn Muammad ibn Khaldn al-aram; 27 May 1332 17 March 1406, 732-808 AH) was an Arab[10] sociologist, philosopher, and historian[11][12] widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the Middle Ages,[13] who made major contributions in the areas of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography. In 1364, Muhammad entrusted him with a diplomatic mission to the king of Castile, Pedro the Cruel, to endorse a peace treaty. The languages in question are English, Modern Turkish, and Arabic and its emphasis is on teaching social sciences. At the beginning, people will look for different ways of increasing productivity of basic needs and expansion will occur. Real Name : Abu Walid Muhammad bin Rusyd Other Name : Averroes [57] In 1816, de Sacy again published a biography with a more detailed description on the Prolegomena. Because you have kept the word of my patience, I also will keep you from the hour of temptation, which shall come on all the world, to try them that dwell on the earth. In 1384, the Egyptian Sultan, al-Malik udh-Dhahir Barquq, made Khaldun professor of the Qamhiyyah Madrasah and appointed him as the Grand qadi of the Maliki school of fiqh (one of four schools, the Maliki school was widespread primarily in Western Africa). His family, which held many high offices in Al-Andalus, had emigrated to Tunisia after the fall of Seville to the Reconquista in AD 1248. "Pre-Darwinian Muslim Scholars Views on Evolution." This means that the next cohesive group that conquers the diminished civilization is, by comparison, a group of barbarians. and auxiliary sciences such as language, literature, poetry, etc. In addition to civilizations, nations have come and gone quite frequently over the years. To explain this pattern, Ibn Khaldun uses his umran and asabiyya concepts.. cyclical theory of empiresfeathered friend questions and answers. Will we learn from the lessons of history? there are many repeating Prophecies that are applicable to many generations, ie. The cyclical theory assumes that sovereign powers are like living organisms, they are born, grow up, mature, and die. Military, political, economic and religious developments all influence an empire's people to act and believe differently over time. To question Islam, which would lead to a reformation, is to question the Prophet and invite death at the hands of the defenders of that faith. The Problem of Pretending in the Spiritual Life, Flee to the Truth When Tempted A Homily for the First Sunday of Lent, Ash Wednesday Breaks All the Rules of Modern Churchthink. Conquest and (later) business investment promoted by the empire's unity builds the wealth that leads to the age of intellect. This faculty is also what inspires human beings to form into a social structure to co-operate in division of labor and organization. But he that shall endure to the end, the same shall be saved. Whatever its imperfections (and there were many), great beauty, civilization, and progress emerged at the crossroads of faith and human giftedness. [62], Economist Paul Krugman described Ibn Khaldun as "a 14th-century Islamic philosopher who basically invented what we would now call the social sciences". In other words, the growth of factor markets is a self . Seja bem vindo ao mundo dos esportes . 136161. Over time, many civilizations and cultures have risen and then fallen. Cyclical Stock: A cyclical stock is an equity security whose price is affected by ups and downs in the overall economy. We are in a tailspin we dont we seem to be able to pull ourselves out of. Look to Him. [59] Reynold A. Nicholson praised Ibn Khaldun as a uniquely brilliant Muslim sociologist, but discounted Khaldun's influence. Sir John Bagot Glubb (1897-1987), a highly honored British general and historian better known as Glubb Pasha, wrote about the collapsed empires of the past. applovin ads integration; ben cartwright bonanza net worth; medina municipal court records Khaldun, Ibn, et al. He received certification (ijazah) for all of those subjects. 4. This video of psalm 121 is sung in an ancient language and manner, but its message is still current: I lift mine eyes to the Mountains from whence cometh my help (Psalm 121). Civilizations are harder to define with exact years, but at the beginning of the New Covenant, Rome was already in decline. Inevitably, popular music's often spiritually rotten lyrical contentsuch as foul language, blunt sexual references, glorifying immorality, and even Satanic allusions at timesinfluences fans. God will preserve His people, as He did in the Old Covenant. Recently, Ibn Khaldun's works have been compared with those of influential European philosophers such as Niccol Machiavelli, Giambattista Vico, David Hume, G. W. F. Hegel, Karl Marx, and Auguste Comte as well as the economists David Ricardo and Adam Smith, suggesting that their ideas found precedent (although not direct influence) in his. The age of conquests. They marry in order to divorce.". "[65], Public recognition of Ibn Khaldun has increased in recent years. True of all the ancient empires we know, the cycle of rise and decline appears to be accelerating. The cyclical theory of empires proposed by a famous Muslim historiographer, Ibn Khaldun, advances the idea that empires have a definitive end time of approximately 250 years, give or take about 20 years. ), This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 18:13. Other challenges loom ahead, flowing from the European Union's growing political and economic integration, Russia's increased strength and assertiveness, and China's rapid economic, industrial and military growth. Bust of Ibn Khaldun in the entrance of the Kasbah of Bejaia, Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence, , "an institution which prevents injustice other than such as it commits itself", Muqaddimah 2:27273 quoted in Weiss (1995) p 30. Dr. Ahmed Adam Okene* Visiting Associate Professor . [4] Then whoever hears the sound of the trumpet, and takes not warning; if the sword come, and take him away, his blood shall be on his own head. Answer (1 of 4): That History repeats itself, and in the Context of the Bible it does as well, ie. He presently attends the Ann Arbor, Michigan, congregation, with his wife Yndira.
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